History And Overview Of Frances Beauty Industry Economics Essay

History And Overview Of Frances Beauty Industry Economics Essay France is positioned sixteenth in the Global Competitive Report up two spots from a year ago and showing various serious qualities, for example, a foundation that is positioned second on the planet, a sound workforce, a high caliber of instruction, a modern business culture and initiative in the zone of mechanical development. Then again, as demonstrated in the Global Competitive Report, France experiences high non wage work costs and severe standards on recruiting and terminating and poor work manager relations. There is likewise an administer Gross domestic product Per Capita, (US$), 2007..$41,511.2 Gross domestic product: (US$ billions), 20072,560.3 Gross domestic product (PPP) as offer (%) of world aggregate, 2007㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦.3.17 All out Population: (millions), 200760.9 Middle Age: 39 Land Area: Largest land territory of all EU individuals Joblessness: 7% 2008 Current President Nicolas Sarkozy ment spending shortfall which is over the EU limit of 60% and national investment funds rates are low. (Worldwide Competitive Report, 2008/09 p.19) Although France is right now in a decent situation in sixteenth spot, the worldwide economy is changing and new contenders are shutting in. This paper will look at the difficulties that France and their magnificence industry are confronting. France key realities: source: The Global Competitive Report 2008-09 Exhibit A Monetary PerformanceFrances Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has lined up with the European normal to some degree, in spite of the fact that, as the chart underneath delineates, France has fared superior to the EU inside the most recent year. Display B This outline made on the Eurostat site, contrasts Frances Real GDP and the European Union (EU) normal. Genuine total national output (GDP) is a macroeconomic proportion of the size of an economy balanced for value changes (that is, balanced for changes in the estimation of cash: expansion or emptying.) source: Real GDP. Web. ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_gross_domestic_product>. Legend:Blue = FranceGreen = EU (27 countries)source:http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/graph.do?tab=graphinit=1toolbox=typelanguage=enpcode=tsieb010plugin=0http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/graph.do Frances Gross Domestic Product per capita (PPP US$)The Human Development report and the Global Competitive Report exhibit that Frances buying power equality (PPP) has declined since 1993 to 33,000 or more/less. Human Development Report 2009 Exhibit C Human improvement file 2007 and its parts Gross domestic product per capita (PPP US$) HDI Rank Nation 2007 1 Norway 53,433 1 2 Australia 34,923 3 Iceland 35,742 4 Canada 35,812 5 Ireland 44,613 1 6 Netherlands 38,694 7 Sweden 36,712 8 France 33,674 9 Switzerland 40,658 10 Japan 33,632 11 Luxembourg 79,485 source: http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/markers/91.html got to March 29 2010 source: Global Competitive Report 2008/09Exhibit D Development MeasuresThe Global Competitive Report says Although less-propelled nations can in any case improve their profitability by receiving existing advances or making gradual enhancements in different regions, for nations that have arrived at the advancement phase of improvement, this is not, at this point adequate to build efficiency. Firms in these nations must structure and create bleeding edge items and procedures to keep up a serious edge. (Worldwide Competitive Report, 2008/2009, page 6) Display D shows France in blue is ahead in the level of GDP for RD. This shrouds the way that Germany one of Frances contenders which we will talk about later in the Cosmetic business examination, spends an extensive sum more than France. Despite the fact that France in blue is ahead in the level of GDP they spend on RD another significant part of advancement is licenses. Display E shows that Germany has twofold the measure of licenses. Net Domestic Expenditure on RDExhibit D France = Blue EU = Green Germany has twofold the measure of licenses than France Show E Examining the date from the Global Competitiveness Report obviously France is languishing in the positioning over advancement and sophisticatio n as shown beneath. Show F France is losing behind Germany who is winning right now in fourth spot Show F: Innovation and refinement factors As indicated by Porter, a countries intensity relies upon the limit of its industry to improve and redesign. Organizations gain advantage against the universes best contenders as a result of weight and challenge. (Doorman, On Competition, p.171, 2008) In Exhibit F France is holding consistent in fourteenth position a clarification for their absence of progress is appeared in Exhibit G condition of bunch advancement, where France is low and their pace of patent improvement is low contrasted with its rivals, for instance, Germany, Japan and the U.S.A. source: Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009Exhibit G France P E S T Analysis POLITICAL LANDSCAPE Outline French political framework can be portrayed as semi-presidential type of popularity based republic. France has improved thinking about the standard of law and responsibility. France positions in the 91.3 percentile on voice and responsibility starting at 2007, which is an improvement from 2002, when it was positioned in the 84.1 percentile. (Datamonitor (2009). France: Country Analysis Report. London: British Library. Page 3) Be that as it may, France is as yet considered as an exceptionally unified nation and the tip top gathering is fundamentally engaged with the state and corporate segments. Additionally, debasement is by all accounts one of the principle issues in French governmental issues. Qualities Political security can be viewed as one of Frances qualities. Races are reasonable and straightforward. Albeit at first the communist gatherings were increasingly well known and along these lines winning the races, of late most of the general public hosts decided in favor of star change gatherings. Before the races president Sarkozy made after guarantees: a decrease of joblessness, adaptable work laws, annuity change and assessment changes. Frances way to deal with forestalling psychological warfare is viewed as one of the best in Europe. In any case, it didn't come free and the cost was restricting common freedoms. (Datamonitor (2009). France: Country Analysis Report. London: British Library. P. 14) Shortcomings In spite of the fact that the current French government is unquestionably master change, the remainder of French society is by all accounts restricted to the changes. For instance, the administration needs to rearrange open organization and organization, advance the opposition in the market just as make least wages adaptable. (www.lemonde.fr)(EWA I kind of realize what you mean however would you be able to incorporate several the progressions that the administration need to acquire. I comprehend that the residents would be reluctant to acknowledge any change that would bring down wages yet does the French government need to bring down wages that would likewise conflict with what Porter says is the purpose of being serious. The populace is reluctant to receive any estimates that cause a lessening in compensation. One reason would be the decrease in buying intensity of the French populace. As of now referenced in display B above France is as of now demonstrating a decrease in GDP (PPP US$) per capita. Improving the annuity framework and modernizing the work advertise has been postponed on account of the reluctance of French resident to acknowledge change. When all is said in done, the changes are being postponed. Besides, the progression procedure is additionally not as powerful as sought after, basically, president Sarkozy is losing his fame. In territorial races on 21st March the Socialist Party increased 54 % while UMP 35 % as it were. (Web. . Gotten to March 15 2010). Openings Improving French international strategy has been one of president Sarkozys primary objectives. So far he has been effective. France has come back to NATOs military order. It has helped US in separating Iran as a result of its atomic force. As a rule, France has been recently dynamic in universal connections. With no uncertainty improved remote relations will assist the financial relations with these nations. French National Assembly piece Source: Datamonitor (2009). France: Country Analysis Report. London: British Library. P. 39. President Sarkozys organization has likewise at last improved French administration which currently ought to be progressively straightforward and productive. Dangers In France, the administration has kept on assuming a conspicuous job in business contrasted with numerous other EU nations. (Datamonitor (2009). France: Country Examination Report. London: British Library. Page 16) A convergence of first class residents in power helps defilement rehearses and furthermore help to impact government strategies which in actuality can square turn of events. (Political Theory: An Introduction, Michael G. Roskin, June 2005, P. 79) Moreover, since the legislature turns out to be progressively disagreeable while attempting to execute the changes (would we be able to get a rundown of the changes then I can mesh that into this passage annuity framework change, human services framework change, open organization change, change of work conditions guidelines un contrat remarkable, change of open accounts, charge framework change, partnership charge change) there is a hazard that it will become populist to recover power. There have been various fights against change measures. Financial LANDSCAPE Review The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has expressed that France confronted a 3 % fall in development in 2009. The abatement of salary and wages joined with rising joblessness will influence local utilization. As a result of the restriction actualizing Sarkozys changes isn't going easily. Frances FICO score may be influenced. That will expand the expense of subsidizing for future governments and business enterprises.(Datamonitor (2009). France: Country Analysis Report. London: British Library. P. 14) Qualities President Sarkozys professional change approach influenced all in all audit of open arrangement. This caused the improvement out in the open administrations and in this manner diminishing the open expenses. French foundation is truly outstanding in Europe. There are more than 10,0

Esping-Andersens Welfare Regime Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Esping-Andersens Welfare Regime Model - Essay Example The setting of a state’s government assistance is definitive to the activity of the state and the wellbeing of the residents. It is fundamental to examine the distinctions in state government assistance systems. This aides in understanding the distinctions in state tasks and the strength of its populace among nations. Esping-Andersen thought of the most important typology for government assistance states. Esping-Andersen utilizing old style European political economy approach separates between three kinds of government assistance systems (Edwards, 2003). Esping-Andersen separates the state government assistance systems on three significant standards. These standards are social delineation, deco-change and the open private blend. Deco-change alludes to the degree to which the government assistance of the individual is free of the market. It additionally alludes to the individual’s capacity to get social administrations as a right. Social separation portrays the governmen t assistance state job in issues concerning structure of the general public as per Schildt (2010). In conclusion, open private blend centers around jobs played by the express, the market, family and the willful division in the specific government assistance systems. Espin-Andersen distinguishes three fundamental kinds of government assistance systems: the traditionalist, social popularity based and the liberal government assistance system models as substantiated by Edwards (2003). The liberal model joins free market boost for the market support. It makes the suspicion that all individuals can take an interest in the market. The basic thought in showcase cooperation prompts opportunity of rivalry. It stresses on open and private area organization. The laborers in liberal model are probably not going to be completely co-altered, anyway they advocate for money remuneration. As indicated by Annamari (2009), the liberal model of state government assistance system is found in nations like England and the United States of America Conservative Welfare Regime The traditionalist government assistance system is well known in nations like Germany, France and Belgium among others. It advances social help and accommodates broad government assistance administrations for all the populace. This model sees the state as a negligible interventionist. Esping-Andersen contends that arranging the European government assistance states as a component of the traditionalist model can be seen as insulting (Edwards, 2003). Social Democratic Welfare Regime Social vote based government assistance is well known with Nordic nations. It is additionally alluded to as Nordic Model. The social majority rule model upholds independence in this way evacuating singular dependence on the family and it is related with costly duties. This model has a component of populism which portrays the act of universalism. The model is likewise individual situated as it advances their prosperity (Larsen, 2006). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Comparing Welfare States Using Esping-Andersen’s Welfare Regime Esping-Andersen model has been of significance in as far order of states as indicated by government assistance systems. The model has a few points of interest which causes it to stay increasingly pertinent contrasted with other government assistance systems. In to the extent the social vote based government assistance system is concerned; it is redistributive as far as the states riches. All inclusive government assistance and frameworks of advantages are utilized as rights and there is open arrangement of the widespread government assistance administrations. Esping-Andersen’s social popularity based model relies upon high business levels and hence offers ladies work. It likewise gives less accentuation on the family’s duty regarding its members’ government assistance instead of different models. The state along these lines expect a large portion of the family obligation (Larsen, 2006). The components of populism portray in Esping-Andersen’s model the act of universalism as proposed by Mann (2001). The bit of leeway here is that each resident appreciates same advantages and rights also whether or not they are rich or not. This implies there is equivalent arrangement of administrations without

Conditioned Response in Classical Conditioning

Conditioned Response in Classical Conditioning Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Conditioned Response in Classical Conditioning By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 11, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 01, 2020 Vstock LLC / Tetra images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Conditioned Responses Classical Conditioning Identify the Responses Extinction View All Back To Top In  classical conditioning, the  conditioned response  is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. For example, the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, a feeling of hunger in response to the smell is an unconditioned response, and the sound of a whistle when you smell the food is the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle. While studying classical conditioning, you might find it helpful to remember that the conditioned response is the  learned reflexive response. The classical conditioning process is all about pairing a previously neutral stimulus with another stimulus that naturally produces a response. After pairing the presentation of these two together enough times, an association is formed. The previously neutral stimulus will then evoke the response all on its own. At this point, the response becomes known as the conditioned response. Conditioned Response Examples Some examples of conditioned responses include: Many phobias begin after a person has had a negative experience with the fear object.?? For example, after witnessing a terrible car accident, a person might develop a fear of driving. This fear is a conditioned response.If your pet is accustomed to being fed after hearing the sound of a can or bag being opened, he or she might become very excited when hearing that sound. This behavior is a conditioned response.Many children receive regular immunizations, and a child may cry as a result of these injections. In some instances, a child might come to associate a doctors white jacket with this painful experience. Eventually, the child might begin to cry whenever he or she sees anyone wearing a white coat. This crying behavior is a conditioned response.A person who is bitten by a barking dog may experience feelings of fear and anxiety whenever he or she hears a barking noise. The fear that people feel when they hear a bark is a conditioned response. The Conditioned Response in Classical Conditioning Lets take a closer look at how the conditioned response works in classical conditioning. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov first discovered the classical conditioning process during his research on the salivary systems of dogs.?? Pavlov noted that the dogs would salivate to the taste of meat, but that after a while they also began to salivate whenever they saw the white coat of the lab assistant who delivered the meat. To look closer at this phenomenon, Pavlov introduced the sound of a tone whenever the animals were fed. Eventually, an association was formed, and the animals would salivate whenever they heard the sound, even if no food was present. In Pavlovs classic experiment, the food represents what is known as the  unconditioned stimulus  (UCS).?? This stimulus naturally and automatically triggers an  unconditioned response  (UCR), which in this case was salivation. After pairing the unconditioned stimulus with a previously neutral stimulus, the sound of the tone, an association is formed between the UCS and the neutral stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus begins to evoke the same response, at which point the tone becomes known as the  conditioned stimulus. Salivating in response to this conditioned stimulus is an example of a conditioned response. How to Identify the Conditioned Response Distinguishing between the unconditioned response and the conditioned response can sometimes be difficult. Here are a few things to remember as you are trying to identify a conditioned response: The conditioned response must be learned, while the unconditioned response takes place with no learning.The conditioned response will only occur after an association has been made between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus. Extinction So what happens in cases where the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with a conditioned stimulus? In Pavlovs experiment, for example, what would have happened if the food was no longer present after the sound of the tone? Eventually, the conditioned response will gradually diminish and even disappear, a process known as  extinction.?? In one of our previous examples, imagine that a person developed a conditioned response to feeling fear whenever he or she heard a dog bark. Now imagine that the individual has many more experiences with barking dogs, all of which are positive. While the conditioned response initially developed after one bad experience with a barking dog, that response may begin to diminish in intensity or even eventually disappear if the person has enough good experiences where nothing bad happens when he or she hears a dogs bark. A Word From Verywell The conditioned response is an important part of the classical conditioning process. By forming an association between a previously neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, learning can take place, eventually leading to a conditioned response. Conditioned responses can be a good thing, but they can also be problematic. Associations can lead to desirable behaviors, but they can lead to undesirable or maladaptive behaviors (for example, phobias) as well. Fortunately, the same behavioral learning processes that led to the formation of a conditioned response can also be used to teach new behaviors or change old ones. How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in Psychology

Short Story - 1998 Words

Madison Knight read the insignificant bank balance for the second time. Dead broke. Until now, holidays in the Colorado Rocky Mountains had always been her favorite time of the year, but that was before the money ran out—before the likelihood of eviction. Her one chance to pay her bills rested on the New Year’s bonus from Once Again Antiques. Today, December 24th, starting at 9 a.m. until the close of business, twenty percent of all sales generated from the client wish list contributed to the bonus—if she held on to her job until the end of the year. One more misstep, one more unsatisfied customer, and there’d be no ifs, ands, or buts—the owner, Savannah Charm, would terminate her employment. Madison slid a quilt over her shoulders and†¦show more content†¦Let me check our records.† She placed the phone on the table next to the laptop and as the inventory screen opened, her stomach muscles tightened bit by bit. Seller’s remorse represented an undesirable side of the business. Certain heirlooms were too precious to part with, and now and then, the previous owner realized it too late. â€Å"My grandmother had an estate sale last week, and she didn’t want it sold, unfortu—† â€Å"Oh?† She should’ve kept quiet. Run-ins with greedy family members happened in the antique business, and a judging attitude didn’t increase revenues. â€Å"It wasn’t on purpose,† he said. â€Å"The day was chaotic and someone had shuffled around the artwork. We didn’t realize it was missing until a couple of days ago, and it took this long to sort out the mix-up and discover your shop bought it.† She felt guilty for jumping to the wrong conclusion. â€Å"I see how that could happen. It’s obvious the piece is important to your grandmother. If it becomes necessary, we have the resources to find a similar style. Is there a special artist or significance?† Held hostage by the slow computer response and trying not to rush him, she picked up one of the hand weights, intending to fit in a few curls. â€Å"Keep in mind Gran’s ninety-two, and she thinks . . .† â€Å"Uh-huh.† With her free hand, she grabbed the latte and took a sip. â€Å"Gran thinks it holds a special power.† Madison chose that moment to swallow and the creamy espresso went down the wrong pipe. 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The Worst Taxes in Asian History

Public Toilet Free Essays

G answer B F A 1) J I C E D 2) Cycle Time (CT) = Productive time per hour Output per day = 7 hrs. /day X 60 min/hr X 60 sec/min 1008 units/day = 25,200 sec 1008 units = 25 sec/unit 6 5 4 3 2 1 3) Workstation = J I G H F E C D B A Task Time 24 25 25 25 25 24 Idle Time = 1 0 0 0 0 1 ( Total = 2 sec ) 4) WS = Sum of task times Cycle time (CT) = 148 sec 25 sec/units = 5. 2 ? 6 units of WS 5) Efficiency = Sum of task times X 100% CT * Actual # of (WS) = 148 sec * 100 % ( 25 sec/units * 4 units of WS) = 98. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Toilet or any similar topic only for you Order Now 67 % ) Idle time per units = (CT * actual # of WS) – sum of task times = (25 sec/unit X 6 units of WS) – 148 seconds = 2 sec/units Idle time in seconds per day = idle time per units X output per day (in unit) = 2 sec/unit X 1008units/day = 2016 sec/day Idle time in hour per day = Idle time in seconds per day 60 min/hr X 60 sec/min = 2016 sec/day 60 min/hr X 60 sec/min = 0. 56 hr/day Thus, The cost of idleness per week = Idle time in hour per day X wage rate per hour X # working day per week = 0. 56 hr/day X RM 40 per day = RM 22. 40 per week QUESTION 4 Claytan Fine China, a well-known dinner ware producer has upgraded its moulding procedure by using the most sophisticated equipment. The mouding process consists of 10 elements. The following table shows the task element in alphabetical order and their precedence element task(s) and times in seconds. Task Element| Precedence Task| Task Time (seconds)| A| -| 24| B| A| 25| C| A| 13| D| -| 10| E| C, D| 12| F| B, E| 11| G| B| 15| H| -| 14| I| F,G. H| 10| J| I| 24| 1. Draw a precedence diagram 2. If the expected weekly output is 5040 dinner sets and daily productive time is 7 hours (in a 5 day work-week), compute the cycle for the process. 3. Compute the theoretical number of workstations. 4. Arrange the task element into proper workstations by using the longest task-time heuristic/rule. 5. Calculate the efficiency of the balanced line and balance delay. 6. If the wage rate is RM 40 per day, calculate the idleness cost per week. QUESTION 8 Hakim Bidaman Enterprise is in the process of developing an aggregate capacity plan for the month of Jan-Sept 2010. The company has gathered the data as shown in the following table: MONTH| Jan| Feb| Mar| Apr| May| Jun| Jul | Aug| Sept| Forecast Demand (unit)| 5000| 4900| 4500| 4200| 6300| 5000| 5100| 4800| 4700| Other information to be considered: 1. Each output requires 26 minute to be produced. 2. Labour cost per hour is RM 5. 00 3. Overtime rate per hour is RM 7. 50 4. Overtime given to 4 workers only with a limitation of 2 hours per day. 5. Beginning inventory is 400 units. . The inventory carrying cost is RM 2. 40 per unit. 7. Hiring cost per worker is RM 400 and lay off cost per worker is RM 600 8. Subcontracting cost is RM 20 per unit. 9. Current workforce level is 10 workers. 10. The company operates 8 hours daily in 26 days a month. Determine the production cost for the planning horizon by using all five strategies. Apply information given as necessary for a cert ain strategy. ANWER STRATEGY 1 Monthly forecast output = number of day per monthly X daily standard output = 26 days (60 minutes/hr ? 6 minutes/unit X 8 hours/day) = 480 units per worker per month MONTH| FORECASTDEMAND (UNIT)=UNIT PRODUCED| CURRENT WORKER| WORKERS REQUIRED| HIRE| LAY OFF| Jan| 5000 – 400 = 4600| 10| 4600/480 = 10| | | Feb| 4900| 10| 4900/480 = 10| | | Mar| 4500| 10| 4500/480 = 9| | 1| Apr| 4200| 9| 4200/480 = 9| | | May| 6300| 9| 6300/480 = 13| 4| | Jun| 5000| 13| 5000/480 = 10| | 3| Jul| 5100| 10| 5100/480 = 11| 1| | Aug| 4800| 11| 4800/480 = 10| | 1| Sept| 4700| 10| 4700/480 = 10| | | | 44100| | | 5| 5| TOTAL PRODUCTION COST Regular production cost = (44100 units) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 0 minute/hr) = RM 95,550 Hire worker = (5 worker) X (RM400) = RM 2,000 Lay off worker = (5 worker) X (RM600) = RM 3,000 Thus, total cost = RM 100,500 STRATEGY 2 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (working days per pe daily) X (standard output per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 minutes/hr ? 26 minutes/unit X 8hr) = 4800 units MONTH| FORECAST DEMAND (UNIT)| UNIT PRODUCED| UNITEXCESS| UNIT SHORTAGE| OTUNITS| ENDINV| Jan| 5000 – 400 = 4600| 4800| 200| | | 200| Feb| 4900| 4800| | 100| 100| | Mar| 4500| 4800| 300| | | 300| Apr| 4200| 4800| 600| | | 600| May| 6300| 4800| | 1500| 1500| | Jun| 5000| 4800| | 200| 200| | Jul| 5100| 4800| | 300| | 300| Aug| 4800| 4800| | -| -| -| Sept| 4700| 4800| 100| | | 100| | | 43200| | | 1800| 1500| TOTAL PRODUCTION COST Regular Production Cost = (43200 units) X (26 days ? 8 hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 60,840 Overtime Cost (1800 unit) X (RM7. 50/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 5,850 Inv. Holding Cost = (1500 unit) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 3,600 Thus, total cost = RM 70,290 STRATEGY 3 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (working days per pe daily) X (standard output per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 minutes/hr ? 26 minutes/unit X 8hr) = 4800 units MONTH| FORECAST DEMAND (UNIT)| UNIT PRODUCED| UNITEXCESS| UNIT SHORTAGE| OTUNITS| ENDINV| Jan| 5000 – 400 = 4600| 4800| 200| | | 200| Feb| 4900| 4800| | 100| | 100| Mar| 4500| 4800| 300| | | 300| Apr| 4200| 4800| 600| | | 600| May| 6300| 4800| | 1500| 900| | Jun| 5000| 4800| | 200| 200| | Jul| 5100| 4800| | 300| 300| | Aug| 4800| 4800| -| -| -| -| Sept| 4700| 4800| 100| | | 100| | | 43200| | | 1400| 1300| TOTAL PRODUCTION COST Regular Production Cost = (43200) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 0 minute/hr) = RM 93,600 Overtime Cost = (1400 units) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 3,033 Inv. Holding Cost = (1300 units) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 3,120 Thus, total cost = RM 99, 753 STRATEGY 4 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (working days per pe daily) X (standard output per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 minutes/hr ? 26 minutes/unit X 8hr) = 4800 units MONTH| FORECAST DEMAND (UNIT)| UNIT PRODUCED| UNITEXCESS| UNIT SHORTAGE| OTUNITS| ENDINV| Jan| 5000 – 400 = 4600| 4800| 200| | | 200| Feb| 4900| 4800| | 100| | 100| Mar| 4500| 4800| 300| | | 400| Apr| 4200| 4800| 600| | | 1000| May| 6300| 4800| | 1500| 1500| | Jun| 5000| 4800| | 200| 200| | Jul| 5100| 4800| | 300| 300| | Aug| 4800| 4800| -| -| -| -| Sept| 4700| 4800| 100| | | 100| | | 43200| | | 1000| 1800| TOTAL PRODUCTION COST Regular production cost = (43200) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 0 minute/hr) = RM 93,600 Overtime Cost = (1000 units) X (RM7. 50/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 3,250 Inv. Holding Cost = (1800 units) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 4,320 Thus, total cost = RM 101,170 STRATEGY 5 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (working days per pe daily) X (standard output per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 minutes/hr ? 26 minutes/unit X 8hr) = 4800 units MONTH| FORECAST DEMAND (UNIT)| UNIT PRODUCED| UNITEXCESS| UNIT SHORTAGE| OT UNITS(max=480Unit)| ENDINV| SUBUNIT| Jan| 5000 – 400 = 4600| 4800| 200| | | 200| | Feb| 4900| 4800| | 100| | 100| | Mar| 4500| 4800| 300| | | 400| | Apr| 4200| 4800| 600| | | 1000| | May| 6300| 4800| | 1500| 480| | 20| Jun| 5000| 4800| | 200| 200| | | Jul| 5100| 4800| | 300| 300| | | Aug| 4800| 4800| -| -| -| -| | Sept| 4700| 4800| 100| | | 100| | | | 43200| | | 980| 1800| 20| Overtime unit max = 4 X 2 X 26 per month ? 6 month/unit X 60 minute/unit = 480 units TOTAL PRODUCTION COST Regular Production Cost = (43200) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 93,600 Overtime Cost = (980 units) X (RM7. 50/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 3,185 Inv. Holding Cost = (1800 units) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 4,320 Subcontracting Cost = (20 units) X (RM20 per unit) = RM 400 Thus, total cost = RM 101,505 How to cite Public Toilet, Essay examples

Midwifery Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection

Question: Discuss about theMidwifery for Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection. Answer: Introduction Chlamydia trachomatis infection can be diagnosed by three primary methods. Swab and urine samples are collected from the endocervical canal and the urethra respectively to be used in the lab investigations. The first method of diagnosis is by the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in which the nucleic acids of the causative agent is amplified. Its sensitivity and specificity are as high as 95% and therefore, its results are reliable (Frye, Wallace, Chavez Luce, 2008). Secondly, the infection can be diagnosed by detection of Chlamydia antigen by ELISA method. Thirdly, it can be diagnosed by culture technique. This technique is the most reliable with a specificity of 100%. However, it is relatively expensive and technically complex than the other techniques. It also takes a longer duration of about 3-7 days for the results to be obtained (Pereboom, MannieÃÅ'ˆn, Rours, Spelten, Hutton Schellevis, 2014). The recommended antibiotic therapy for pregnant women with the infection is oral amoxicillin 500 mg consumed a day thrice for seven days (Pereboom et al. 2014). Amoxicillin is efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with a bioavailability of up to 92% and is secreted renally unchanged. Amoxicillin is nonteratogenic in humans and is categorized as pregnancy category B drug (Rosenfeld Loose, 2014). Alternative therapies include 500mg oral intake of erythromycin that is consumed four times per day for seven days, or half of this dose (250mg) can be taken for double the duration (14 days). Its absorption is varied depending on the presence or absence of food in the GI. It crosses the placenta, into breast milk and CSF. It is excreted through the GI tract. About 2-15% of it is excreted through the renal system as unchanged drug. It has no known teratogenic effects in humans but should be used with caution when there are no other alternative therapies (Brenner Stevens, 2013) . Equally, 1 gram of azithromycin can be taken orally as a single dose. It is rapidly absorbed and has a bioavailability of 37%. It is excreted in feces and urine as unchanged drug. It has no teratogenic effects and is categorized as a pregnancy category B drug (Rosenfeld Loose, 2014). References Brenner, G. M., Stevens, C. W. (2013),Pharmacology, Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. Frye, J., Wallace, L., Chavez, R., Luce, D. (January 01, 2008). Screening and Treatment Guidelines for Chlamydia trachomatis in Incarcerated Adolescents: A Review.Journal of Correctional Health Care,14,2, 89-98. Pereboom, M. T. R., MannieÃÅ'ˆn, J., Rours, G. I. J. G., Spelten, E. R., Hutton, E. K., Schellevis, G. (February 01, 2014). Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy: Knowledge, test practices, and attitudes of Dutch midwives.Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases,46,2, 107-113. Rosenfeld, G. C Loose, D. S. (2014),Pharmacology. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Macbeth As Influenced By Lady Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth As Influenced By Lady Macbeth In Shakespeares tragedy, Macbeth, is seen as a courageous soldier who is loyal to the King but is corrupted by the witches prophecies and by Lady Macbeths and his own ambition. This is because of the weakness of Macbeths character and the strong power of Lady Macbeth as she is easily able to influence him. Her strength motivates him at the start but after he realizes what he has done it is himself that continues in his murderous, bloody path. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth appears as a kind wife but underneath lies a scheming and treacherous woman. Both Macbeth and his wife go through many changes throughout the course of this play. They go from being honored, noble people to being reduced to nothing. They both have tragic flaws such as ambition and greed which bring them to their down fall. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a strong soldier who fights for the King without mercy but his strive for ambition and his curious nature leads him to the witches who greet him with a prophecy. Banquo realizes that there must be a trick hidden in the witches prophecies somewhere but Macbeth refuses to accept that, and when Lady Macbeth finds out about the witches her strong desire for ambition and her cold nature leads Macbeth astray. Lady Macbeths ambition far exceeds Macbeths and so she is able to get Macbeth to agree with her to kill King Duncan. Macbeth still has a conscience at this stage because he is very hesitant about killing the King but his weak nature over comes him. He has a conscience throughout the entire play as this is seen by the hallucinations of the dagger and the ghost of Banquo. His vivid imagination and his constant worry also provokes him. This is also evident in his terrible dreams which gives the solid theme that he has indeed murdered sleep. Throughout the play we see the character of Macbeth change not from just the way he thinks and what we hear from the play, but from the actions he takes in the play. Killing Banquo, then having Lady Macduff and her children murdered, shows the insecurity that was present in Macbeth. After the murder of Duncan, Macbeth becomes paranoid and his first step of killing the guards is one of many that he takes to secure himself. Macbeth is also very superstitious and this is shown when he believes the prophecy the witches told him about Banquos offspring becoming Kings. Towards the end of the play when Macbeths wife has died and the battle is drawing closer Macbeth shows some potential good. He wishes for a normal life in which he would have lived to an honorable age but he recognizes that he has ruined any chance of that. Even when Macbeth hears that the prophecy has come true of Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane, he rejects this idea and fights on until he realizes that Macduff wasnt born in a natural birth but instead was Untimely ripped from his mothers womb. When Macbeth hears of this he realizes what he has done and how he has been tricked by the witches. Although he has come to that realization, he continues to fight only to be slain in the end. Macbeth can be summarized as a character who is physically strong but he is mentally very weak and it is this weakness which causes his downfall and change. Other factors do however also contribute to this change such as his wife whose ambition is very strong at first and is much stronger mentally than Macbeth. It is also Macbeths ambition and his trust in the witches which ultimately change him. Lady Macbeth seems to be almost opposite compared to that of Macbeth in physical and mental power. Lady Macbeth is the person who is able to persuade Macbeth into killing Duncan, assuring Macbeth that it will succeed, as Lady Macbeths ambition is far greater than that of Macbeth. This change in the character of Lady Macbeth is apparent after she reads the letter from Macbeth. She talks to the evil spirits to make her cold hearted with lines

Interview Self-Publishing Cookbooks

Interview Self-Publishing Cookbooks Self-Publishing Cookbooks: Interview with Marcy Goldman Last updated 07/06/2017â€Å"You have to have more passion than fear - or simply want to do it anyway - otherwise those two swear words ‘what if’ will stop you from even trying.†Although the self-publishing alternative becomes more valid and tempting every day, many traditionally-minded authors still fail to consider author publishers as their peers, and often disregard all independent publishing efforts as vanity publishing.Of course, more and more genre fiction authors are bridging the gap every day by becoming hybrids; but non-fiction genres such as cookbooks are still pretty much in the hands of traditional publishing, essentially due to the high production costs.In this thought-provoking interview, Marcy Goldman exposes her reasons for self-publishing her cookbooks and offers specific advice for cookbook authors. She shows that it can be done to the highest quality, and can become a truly liberating experience for an author.How to Self-Publish a Book: 7 Sim ple Steps to Success Read post Many successful indies recommend authors to â€Å"follow the steps of traditional publishing† when self-publishing. How important is having a good copyeditor for a cookbook? And a designer/formatter?It is absolutely crucial and there are more and more qualified, fair-priced skilled freelancers you can hire to assist you. You are also the creator and will be doing a ton of work to launch, market and distribute. It really pays to hire some production and editorial help. That said, even traditional cookbooks can be notably imperfect.The thing I like about many indie authors coming from a â€Å"mainstream† background is that they suddenly feel empowered to try new things. You’re now about to self-publish a book on tango, and have also published a poetry one, just because: â€Å"now, I can†. Do you think being liberated from traditional constraints is a good thing for indie writers?Yes, self-publishing is a good way of experimenting a bit without going too off course from your established platform, if you have one. It is still best to get consistent content out there and gain traction in the genre you’re known for or wish to establish yourself in. Second to that, just get your best content out there!Most authors necessarily plug away at what they’re known for or what they think will ‘sell’. They quickly learn not to pitch agents or traditional publishers with unproven ponies, so to speak. We all tend to try and fuse our passion writing what sells with what we also think ‘will sell’, but luckily, as a self-publisher, you don’t have to worry about that acquisitional ‘wall’. You can indulge more risky books on your bucket list and in so doing, energize yourself as well as find a whole new niche of readers, ultimately increasing your revenue.You can also see directly what the publishing process is like and learn more insights into how books get sold. So it’s not just about the writing, it’s about what production, distribution and marketing approaches might work better for you and your works. You’re free to explore all that.You write in your piece that: â€Å"There’s also a presumption (or fear) that without sufficient social media or a platform, books (even great ones) won’t get noticed†. Do you think that producing great content is enough? How big has the whole â€Å"discoverability† challenge been for you?Fortunately I have a platform, but no one, not even William Shakespeare, starts with a platform. This is an age-old question anyway, which was around way before the advent of self-publishing. All writers, aspiring authors think â€Å"If I do it, who will read it, who will buy it, who will find it?†This is not new. It is yet another version of a common sabotaging thought almost every creative person has at one time or another. You have to have more passion than fear - or simply want to do it anyway - o therwise those two swear words ‘what if’ will stop you from even trying.Do the doing, get it out there and then see what happens.How do you see the future of publishing? Do you feel like publishers have adapted to the new technologies, formats, and distribution channels?That is a tough question! I think some publishers have slowly adapted to the new technologies but traditional publishing is an old-school, slow-moving, methodical industry that is sluggish with pride and history. It does not easily turn on a dime. It’s possible that, given some self-publishing success stories, they might follow those trends and/or those authors to seek out new talent or see what readers respond to. Indie publishing is often a bit of ad hoc market research for them.They might also be inheriting a new breed of author coming from self-publishing and might have to appreciate that these authors are of a different ilk. That’s not a bad thing, it’s a realistic thing. Confid ent creators, versus grateful or humble ones (all talents being equal), might be awesome authors to deal with. You might see some landmark works come out of this new breed.Do you think that the self-publishing alternative is taken seriously by the traditional actors (publishers, agents) or still widely seen as vanity publishing?I think indie publishing isn’t taken as seriously as it might be, which is a pity if you look at some of the ‘unknown’ but wholly successful authors out there. Having said that, it’s not as disdained or dismissed as it used to be. It is becoming legitimized as we recognize that there are huge shifts going on. Nothing is ‘as it was’†¦Beyond that, I think all publishers (indie or traditional) recognize that eBooks do well, however they recognize that eBooks often sell for very little, and in small quantities, making it difficult for many authors to thrive. To that end, I suggest writing shorter books, before putting an opus out as an eBook or putting something out in print and see what happens. Experiment.Follow Marcy and Reedsy  on Twitter: @MarcyGoldman  and @ReedsyHQWould you agree that self-publishing is still widely disregarded as a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"lesser alternative† by many authors? If you have experience of both worlds, did you find self-publishing liberating? Leave us your thoughts in the comments below!

Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communications - Essay Example They traded with each other; established bonds of marriage and friendships with each other; and built future plans with each other. Although tensions were often seen among these tribes, these were eventually resolved through their traditions. I also found out that the Europeans brought to the shores of North America devastating diseases which practically wiped out a large chunk of their population. I found out that even before the actual colonization of North American by the Europeans, the Native Americans were already negatively affected by the diseases which the Europeans brought to their people – diseases which they had not defence against. In my opinion, Native Americans and their history are often overlooked by the media, except for special programs such as this video because the media does not want to acknowledge the fact that our colonial and European ancestors caused much devastation to the Native Americans. To talk about and discuss the Native Americans and their plight is a startling reminded of the unfair deal which Native Americans have been exposed to since colonial presence in North America. And further acknowledging the current deplorable plight of the Native Americans in the media will also bring the attention to the issues of the Indians which have yet to be given sufficient attention by the media and the Americans in general. Based on what was discussed in this documentary, young whites who embrace rap and hip-hop culture are just making fun of and ripping off black culture, just like earlier generations did with Blackface. Blacks claim that the whites seem to be stealing everything from them, including their culture. The assimilation into the rap and hip-hop culture by the young whites does not seem to come with a deeper understanding of its foundations. The blacks believe that the young whites just simply mimic the culture; they do not

Bussiness Management and Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bussiness Management and Outsourcing - Essay Example Moreover, the threat of significant job losses allows large firms to demand changes to labor legislation that further weaken labor. In addition to endangering jobs, wages, labor standards and union powers, globalization also hastens the decline of social safety nets (Becker, 1993). Citing international competitiveness, business has been able to shift the tax burden to labor. But job losses and low wages will erode this tax base, reducing governments' ability to finance welfare programs. Globalization thus undermines labor strength, reinforcing the impact of higher levels of overall unemployment on capital's ability to control the workplace in the developed economies (Bateman and Snell 2004). Service Industry Analysis At the beginning of the 21st century, IT is viewed as a strategic tool which helps organizations to expend their activities and increase profits. IT outsourcing is often seen as an opportunities to provide a competitive advantage and increased value for the enterprise. The absorptive capacity based on appropriate technology related skills needs to be measured against both the demands of the international economy and the local environment where a skills base for using IT is even more important. Changes in management philosophy are giving opportunities to the small and medium-sized enterprises that cater to the demands of national and internationally operating companies (Cullen and Willcocks, 2003). However, the businesses that fare well under the new management organizational scenario are those which acquire the necessary business, commercial, and technological skills. The main causes of outsourcing are prices and wages, communication and transportation costs. For many companies, cap acity building to develop appropriate skills is a dynamic process. As... It is stated that today, the UK economy mostly depends upon international labor supply and international business relations. Taking advantage of technology transfer opportunities, their rapid industrialization has been aided by the introduction of advanced technologies that result in labor costs substantially below those in similar industries in the developed economies. This in itself would contribute to the surge in exports to the developed economies. There are several problems with outsourcing faced by the state and companies. Recent years, a large number of engineers have been sent abroad by SMEs and TNCs. Thus, critics admit that the UK needs these research projects to be kept at home. In conclusion, IT outsourcing helps companies to improve their main operations and service quality, gain competitive advantage and save costs. It proposes company opportunities to reduce labor costs and increase service volumes and a number of traditional services proposed to customers, restructure business and invest in personal growth and development. Companies are increasingly finding that, if they combine their information assets with those of other companies, the combined information resource is considerably more useful to all sides. In this new environment, small companies may have advantages created by outsourcing, because their contact with customers will mostly be channeled through the telephone, or increasingly e-mail, they will be able to record and keep track of their customer's preferences and needs much more effectively.

Fatigue Cracking of Pavement

Fatigue Cracking of Pavement Introduction to fatigue cracking of pavement Fatigue or alligator cracking is the most common type of pavement distress, it is infact the major one. This is the type of distress in which series of interconnected cracks appears due to the fatigue failure of the HMA surface when the pavement experience repeated traffic loading. These type of cracks later allow moisture infiltration into the pavement, the road surface gradually gets more rough, the infiltrated moisture then again accelerate the existing cracking which in worst case may end up being a small to large sized pothole. In other words, as the traffic loads get repeated on the pavement, fatigue cracking starts to initiate at the bottom of the flexible layer, which accounts for the tensile strains at the bottom of the HMA layer (Huang 1993).   Researchers suggested that, for the M-E structural design process of pavement, this tensile strength must be kept in limit in order to check against fatigue cracking (Shook,1982). Figure 1: Schematic diagram of Fatigue Craking Mechanism in Pavement Cross Section (Priest et al., 2006) Apart from the repeated stresses incurred upon the pavement surface, fatigue cracking may take place due to aging, temperature changes or inadequate drainage. The effects of these factors are really complicated which my lead to undesirable changes to asphalt, associated with the poor durability properties of the HMA layer. (Finn 1967). Though due to previous research, it was believed that, most of the cracks initiates at the bottom and then make its way to the top of the asphalt layer, which is also termed as bottom up fatigue cracking, recent studies shows that, in most cases, cracks initiates at the pavement surface on the wheel path and then make its way down to the bottom (Myers and Roque, 2001). Federal Highway Administrations Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program mentioned about three levels of severity for fatigue cracking, which are high severity fatigue cracking, moderate severity fatigue cracking and low severity fatigue cracking. High severity fatigue cracking is the ultimate stage of fatigue cracking. When the pavement has been stressed to the limit of its fatigue life, it is no longer attractive and is barely functional. This stage is called high severity of fatigue cracking. In this case, the cracks are formed in large areas and there are several pieces of loose surface asphalt. Pavement in this condition needs repair immediately. Moderate severity fatigue cracking is the stage when distinguished the arrival of connecting cracks are well recognized. The cracks tends to increase gradually and lower layers of road materials become evident. Heavy traffic load usually break the surface asphalt layer in pieces. Low severity fatigue cracking usually indicates an area of asphalt having only small cracks with very few or none of them connecting to display the zig zag alligator type shape. Also the cracks are not evidently removing lower layers of the road materials. (Miller, 2003) Figure 2: Fatigue Cracking in Pavement (Priest et al., 2006) Over the years, the researchers are trying to come up with a simple and standard fatigue testing procedure as till this date, there is no such standard test for fatigue cracking, as different states are evaluating performance against fatigue cracking differently. Tangella et el (1990), came up with an equation to measure the fatigue life, which also accounts for the varying temperature and loading frequency. Nf= k1 (1/ÃŽÂ µt)^k2 (1/E)k3 Where, Nf= Number of load cycles until fatigue failure ÃŽÂ µt= Applied horizontal tensile strain E= HMA mixture stiffness K1,k2,k3= Regression constant In their study, they emphasized on the flexural fatigue test, diametral fatigue, and tests employing fracture mechanics principals, as the most promising test procedures to characterize fatigue cracking. Later till this period, there are different test procedures such as, Overlay (OL) test, Indirect Tension (IDT) test, Direct Tension (DT) test, Semicircular Bending (SCB) test, are most commonly used to categorize fatigue cracking in the lab. In addition, comparison with the observed result with the field cores is also important. Hajj et al. (2005) emphasized on the mechanistic analysis to understand the interaction between structure, stiffness, and laboratory testing so that a balance can be made for the given field and traffic conditions on a per-project basis. They concluded that, as the field pavement has stiffer structure which will generate lower strains under traffic therefore a longer fatigue life will be observed in the field. Therefore, an overall study is required to charac terize fatigue cracking of the pavement. References: Huang, Yang H. Pavement Analysis and Design New Jersey: Prentice Hall,1993 Shook, J.F., F.N. Finn, M.W. Witczak, and C.L. Monismith. Thickness Design of  Asphalt Pavements The Asphalt Institute Method, Proceedings, 5th International  Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements, Vol.1, The Netherlands,  1982, pp. 17-44. Miller J.S., Bellinger W.Y. Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program (Fourth Revised Edition), Technical Research Report FHWA-RD-03-031. Federal Highway Administration 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296, 2003. Priest A.L. Timm D.H. Methodology And Calibration Of Fatigue Transfer Functions For Mechanistic-Empirical Flexible Pavement Design, NCAT Report 06-03. National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn University, Alabama, 2006. Tangella, R., J. Craus, J. A. Deacon, and C. L. Monismith. Summary Report on Fatigue Response of Asphalt Mixtures. TM-UCB-A-003A-89-3, SHRP Project A-003-A. University of California, Berkeley: Institute of Transportation Studies, 1990 Hajj, E. Y., P. E. Sebaalay, and D. Weitzel. Fatigue Characteristics of Superpave and  Hveem Mixtures. Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE , 2005, pp. 302-10.

Regulatory Agency Essay

The role and responsibility of the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), most importantly, is to uphold the laws dictated by the government concerning products that include drugs, medical products, food, and non-health related products and to protect and promote public health across the country. This essay focuses on several aspects of the FDA, from the role of the agency and its effect on health care in the United States, to the authority this agency carries in relation to health care. There will also be an explanation of how the FDA carries out these responsibilities on a day-to-day basis. The FDA has held a strong presence in the realm of public health since 1848 when it began as a consumer protection agency (FDA, 2013). The FDA, formed after the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act was put in place and inspired by the scientific work of Harvey Washington Wiley, who was the Chief Chemist at the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Wiley worked to eliminate the dangerous practices of marketing unregulated drugs and food products to consumers (FDA, 2013). Since that time, the FDA has become a powerful force, monitoring and working to protect public health in the United States. FDA Role The FDA is an agency that works within the Department of Health and Human Services. The Office of the Commissioner takes the lead role with four other branches that manage other functions (FDA, 2013). The Office of the Commissioner takes â€Å"leadership of the agency’s scientific activities, communication, legislative liaison, policy and planning, women’s and minority health initiatives, agency operations, and toxicological research† (FDA, 2013). The four groups that work under the Office of the Commissioner are the Office of Foods, the Office of Global Regulatory Operations and Policy, the Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, and the Office of Operations. The function of these five entities of the FDA is to protect and promote public health in the U. S. and to uphold the laws dictated by the government regarding public health. This is accomplished through close monitoring and testing of regulated products used by U. S. consumers. These products consist of drugs, food, cosmetics, radiation-emitting products, vaccines and other biologics, veterinary drugs and products, and tobacco products (FDA, 2013). The FDA is also constantly looking for ways to advance public health by assisting other organizations to make medications safe and more effective (FDA, 2013). Not only does the FDA monitor the food supply coming into the U. S. to ensure its safety but also plays a role in counterterrorism efforts by developing products and medications to respond to a public health threat (FDA, 2013). Issuing and enforcing warning labels for drugs and other products is another function in the role of the FDA. The labels serve to educate the public and medical professionals on the use and hazards of using a specific medication or product. However, these labels do not always have the desired effect. Impact on Health Care The efforts of the FDA throughout its history, has created a much safer consumer environment as it relates to food products, cosmetics, and other non-medical items. Foods are carefully scrutinized before they are allowed on the market to ensure these products are safe for the public to consume. Strict guidelines are in place for all types of products that are available to consumers. However, there is some controversy concerning warning labels on prescription drugs. There have been recent reports that communications by the FDA regarding drug risks are not immediately effective (Hitt, 2012). It is the duty of the FDA to monitor and enforce warnings for prescription drugs involving the safety risks to public health. According to Emma Hitt, some of the warnings that recommended increased monitoring of a patient while taking a prescription drug or increase laboratory monitoring generally caused a decrease in the use of the drug and very low increases in monitoring (Hitt, 2012). These types of oversights in clinical practice likely cause adverse effects to patients by not heeding the proper warnings set forth by the FDA. This is just a minute area in which the FDA impacts health care. Just as the FDA is responsible for monitoring drugs, products, and foods, their communications to health care providers and consumers must also be taken seriously. As Hitt states, â€Å"as the goals of risk communication are to minimize potential harms, understanding the impact of an FDA communication’s intended (and unintended) consequences on patient health outcomes should be a priority† (Hitt, 2012). Duties of the FDA The FDA carries an enormous responsibility daily to monitor, investigate, and enforce the safety of the public in general. As discussed earlier, this includes products and medications used by consumers daily. There are times when the regulations and guidelines set forth by the FDA on specific products are not followed and thus the FDA must follow up with inspections, enforce compliance, and conduct criminal investigations (FDA, 2013). The Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA) is the lead office in this function of the FDA. It is the duty of the ORA to carry out investigations if a breach in regulation is suspected. Once a questionable observation is made by an investigator of the ORA, a form entitled â€Å"Form 483† is filled out by the investigator (FDA, 2013). On this form, the investigator cites what the law or regulation is and proceeds to list the questionable conditions and what law or regulation is violated. These 483 forms are maintained and revisited periodically. Some of the areas investigated are biologics, drugs, human tissue for transplantation, foods, and radiological health, to name a few. This is a major function of the FDA to ensure compliance to laws and regulations. Regulatory Authority The FDA has regulatory authority provided in the â€Å"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act† (FD&C) passed by Congress in 1983. The creation of this legislation was driven by an incident where more than 100 patients died due to improperly prepared sulfanilamide medications. It replaced the earlier Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (FDA, 2013). The agency has authority to mandate preventative actions for food facilities to ensure food safety. They also have the power to conduct compliance inspections on facilities the scope of which include access to records and testing by accredited laboratories. The FDA also has several responses it can take to enforce compliance and ensure safety of consumers. It can enforce a mandatory recall of a product, and it can suspend the registration of a facility if it is determined to pose a threat of serious health consequences or the threat of death to humans or animals (FDA, 2013). Accreditation, Certification, and Authorization The FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research is the division of the agency charged with the evaluation and approval of any drug prior to its release on the market. There are three phases in this certification and approval process. The research phase is conducted during the manufacture of a drug, along with the testing, then sent to a review board for recommendation (Writing, 2013). Once the recommendation is given, the drug can move to the second phase, the pre-clinical trials. Here the drug is tested on small groups of humans while measuring interactions and its effectiveness. Once this phase is complete with no adverse issues, the third phase can take place. This is a Phase 2 clinical trial that allows researchers to see if the drug works on a specific illness on patients and allows scientists to determine any side effects that may occur (Writing, 2013). The clinical phases are monitored closely, while working directly with patients to ensure that the testing remain within the standards of medical ethics. Once all of the trials are complete and all recommendations have been given, all of the results are analyzed and only then can be submitted to the FDA for approval to be sold on the market (Writing, 2013). The accreditation and approval process for all products that must be in compliance with FDA guidelines is a rigorous process but necessary for the common good. Conclusion The FDA carries so many responsibilities to provide high quality medications, foods, cosmetics, and many other products. The laws and regulations are complex and detailed. So much, in fact, most people are not aware when a regulation or guideline is being violated. The resources available to research the FDA and their functions and laws are many and well worth the time to gain education on how this enormous entity works to protect and promote public health and safety.

Clinical Reflective Journal

Clinical Reflective Journal The first day I visited psychiatric ward, I felt nervous and excited because of the psychiatric ward which is totally different from general ward. I sensed that all patients who are walking in the corridor and some of them keep murmuring, and those behaviors I seen are seldom appearing in the general ward. However, after I found that they can communicate with others normally and have no aggressive behavior after approaching the patients.I learnt we should establish therapeutic relationship in the communication with patients via using non-judgmental, empathetic, active listening and supportive attitude. But I found difficulties in approaching patients who are introverted due to their unconcerned response. However, I think that we should obtain their confidence through persistent contact with them.Besides, I realized that being a psychiatric nurse, the observational skills is very importance, as the emotional or mental condition of psychiatric patient can be fluctuated between day and night. Therefore, nurses can implement corresponding precautions beforehand. In the private hospital, there are seldom opportunities to perform those skills, but there provide many chances for me to practice the professional skills and of injection and physical restraint.For instance, choosing which type of restrained device should be applied on the patient and related assessment we should made. Moreover, through the guidance of the nurse, I could realize the rationales behind the intervention, weakness in my performance and how to improve it. After caring of psychiatric patient in these two weeks, it helps clear up my misunderstanding of them and I hope that the nursing care of psychiatric patient can be helpful for them to return the society.

Barnes Surname Meaning and Origin

The common Barnes  surname is often of topographical origin, deriving from the  Middle English barn, for  barn or granary, and  meaning of the barn (barley house). The use of the name was generally associated with a significant barn in the local region.  Barnes may also be an occupational surname for someone who worked in a barn. An alternative origin for the Barnes last name may be suggested by the parish of Barnes in Aberdeenshire, Scotland which derives its name from the Gaelic word bearn, meaning gap. Barnes was the 101st most common last name in the United States at the time of the 2000 U.S. census. Surname Origin: English, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  BARNS, BERNES Famous People with the Surname BARNES: Jim Barnes - English golfer and first winner of the PGA championshipBrenda Barnes -  Former president of  PepsiCo North America Genealogy Resources for the Surname BARNES: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? The Barnes Family YearbookAn annual publication issued under the authority of the Barnes Family Association. Several volumes are available for free viewing from this digital archive of genealogical information. Barnes DNA Surname ProjectLarry Bowling heads up this DNA project through FamilyTreeDNA with a goal of sorting out various lines of Barnes ancestors from around the world. Barnes Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Barnes surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or ask your own question about your Barnes ancestors. FamilySearch - BARNES GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Barnes surname and its variations. BARNES Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Barnes surname. DistantCousin.com - BARNES Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Barnes. -- Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings -- Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. ----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins